Borys Kormych*
Tetiana Averochkina**
Black Sea Grain Initiative is Dead, Long Live the New Trade Corridor
Suggested citation:
Kormych, B., & Averochkina, T. (2023). Black Sea Grain Initiative is Dead, Long Live the New Trade Corridor. Lex Portus, 9(4), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.26886/2524-101X.9.4.2023.1
Published online: 13.11.2023
*Editor-in-Chief, Professor, Head of the Department of Maritime and Customs Law, National University Odessa Law Academy (23, Fontanska doroha St., Odessa, Ukraine); Non-residence fellow, Department of Political Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst (200 Hicks Way Thompson Hall, Amherst, USA)
**Scientific Editor, Professor, Department of Maritime and Customs Law, National University Odessa Law Academy (23, Fontanska doroha St., Odessa, Ukraine)
REFERENCES
Akin, E. (2023, October 12). Turkey, Ukraine, Bulgaria announce mechanism to clear mines in Black Sea. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/10/turkey-ukraine-bulgaria-announce-mechanism-clear-mines-black-sea#ixzz8HAzLQrvB
Beacon on the Black Sea. (n.d.). Black Sea Grain Initiative. Joint Coordination Centre. https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative
Black Sea News. (2023a, October 10). More than 40% of sunflower oil exports in 2022-2023 MY passed through Danube ports. https://www.blackseanews.net/read/209517 [in Ukrainian].
Black Sea News. (2023b, August 2). The grain corridor in the Black Sea in June – July 2023: The final statistics and database. https://www.blackseanews.net/en/read/207061
Bukatiuk, U. (2023, August 29). 20 billion from “Big Construction” to “Big Insurance”. How Ukraine paves export routes by sea without a “grain agreement” and why billions are needed for this? Forbes. https://forbes.ua/money/20-mlrd-z-dorig-na-vodu-yak-ukraina-khoche-rozblokuvati-porti-bez-zernovoi-ugodi-z-rf-29082023-15711 [in Ukrainian].
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2023, May 26). Resolution on the approval of the Procedure for providing guarantees of compensation for damage caused as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and military actions on the territory of Ukraine, to charterers, operators and/or owners of sea vessels and inland navigation vessels sailing under the flag of Ukraine and under the flags of foreign countries (No. 548). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/548-2023-п#Text [in Ukrainian].
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2023, September 8). Resolution on amendments to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of March 21, 2023 No. 253 (No. 956). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/956-2023-п#Text [in Ukrainian].
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2023, October 31). Resolution on the implementation of an experimental project on the verification of subjects of the agro-industrial complex under martial law (No. 1132). https://www.kmu.gov.ua/npas/pro-realizatsiiu-eksperymentalnoho-proektu-z-veryfikatsii-subiektiv-ahropromyslovoho-kompleksu-v-t311023 [in Ukrainian].
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2023, October 31). Resolution on amendments to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated December 27, 2022 No. 1466 (No. 1133). https://www.kmu.gov.ua/npas/pro-vnesennia-zmin-do-postanovy-kabinetu-ministriv-ukrainy-vid-27-hrudnia-2022-r-t311023 [in Ukrainian].
Court, E. (2023, August 5). From Moscow to Novorossiysk: The list of attacks on Russian soil. The Kyiv Independent. https://kyivindependent.com/novorossiysk-another-case-of-war-returning-to-russian-territory/
Datsenko, V. (2023, July 28). In seven days, Russia fired 75 missiles and 100 UAVs at Odesa region worth more than $280 million. The Russian Federation is trying to destroy the ports through which Ukraine exported grain. Is it possible to resist it? Analysis by Forbes.https://forbes.ua/war-in-ukraine/za-sim-dniv-lipnya-rosiya-vipustila-po-odeshchini-75-raket-ta-100-bpla-na-ponad-280-mln-postrazhdala-portova-infrastruktura-chi-mozhlivo-tsomu-protistoyati-rozbir-forbes-28072023-15104
Fink, M. (2023). Awakening the Law of Contraband in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict. International Law Studies, 100(1), 688-707. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol100/iss1/21/
Grain sold out: 17 bulk carriers entered the ports of Great Odesa. (2023, October 29). https://dumskaya.net/news/v-odesskom-zalive-snova-mnogo-sudov-za-tri-dnya-179793/ua/.
Grigorenko, Yu. (2023, October 25). Safe corridor: how Ukrainian exports through ports work now. https://gmk.center/en/posts/safe-corridor-how-ukrainian-exports-through-ports-work-now/
ICRC. (1995). San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/57jmsu.htm
Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports, 2022. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/black_sea_grain_initiative_full_text.pdf
ISM Report. (2023, November 3). Charterers of large-tonnage vessels achieve further rate cuts in Black & Mediterranean Seas. https://ismreport.com/freight-chartering/5646-charterers-of-large-tonnage-vessels-achieve-further-rate-cuts-in-black-mediterranean-seas
Kolisnichenko, V. (2023, April 27). Transshipment through the Danube ports will increase by 25% in 2023 – MIU. https://gmk.center/en/news/transshipment-through-the-danube-ports-will-increase-by-25-in-2023-miu/
Kormych, B., Malyarenko, T., & Wittke, C. (2023). Rescaling the legal dimensions of grey zones: Evidence from Ukraine. Global Policy, 14, 516-530. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13233
Krasikov, M. (2023, September 7). In August, 2.4 million tons of exports were loaded through the Danube ports. https://thepage.ua/ua/news/u-serpni-2023-roku-cherez-dunajski-porti-bulo-zavantazheno-24-mln-t-eksportu [in Ukrainian].
Kyrychenko, A. (2023, July 4). Breakdown of the “grain agreement” with the Russian Federation: the Ukrainian “Plan B” was revealed. https://www.unian.ua/economics/agro/chornomorska-zernova-iniciativa-rozkrito-ukrajinskiy-plan-b-na-vipadok-zrivu-ugodi-12317493.html [in Ukrainian].
Law of Ukraine on amendments to the Law “On the State Budget of Ukraine for 2023”, 2023. (No. 2953-IX). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2953-20#n2 [in Ukrainian].
Lozovenko, T. (2023, November 8). Russians Target Liberian Ship With Missile in Odesa Oblast; Casualties Reported. Ukrainska Pravda. https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/11/8/7427866/
Memorandum of Understanding between the Russian Federation and the Secretariat of the United Nations on promoting Russian food products and fertilizers to the world markets, 2022. https://news.un.org/pages/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/MOU_21_July_UN-Secretariat86.pdf
MFA of Ukraine [@MFA_Ukraine]. (2023, July 31). After withdrawing from the #GrainDeal. [Tweet]. X. https://x.com/MFA_Ukraine/status/1685998980272898055?s=20
Midttun, H.P. (2023, July 30). Russo-Ukrainian War. Day 522: African leaders pressure Putin to end the war. https://euromaidanpress.com/2023/07/30/russo-ukrainian-war-day-522-african-leaders-pressure-putin-to-end-the-war/
Militarnyi. (2023, October 19). The Minesweeper Group of the Navies of Bulgaria and Romania Has Started Working in the Black Sea. https://mil.in.ua/en/news/the-minesweeper-group-of-the-navies-of-bulgaria-and-romania-has-started-working-in-the-black-sea/
Ministry for Communities, Territories and Infrastructure Development of Ukraine. (2023, April 17). Grain initiative under threat of shutdown: Russia again blocked ship inspections in the Bosphorus. https://mtu.gov.ua/en/news/34207.html
Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. (July 19, 2023). Press Release. https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12473368@egNews
Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. (July 20, 2023). Statement by the Ministry of Defenсe of Ukraine. https://www.mil.gov.ua/en/news/2023/07/20/statement-by-the-ministry-of-defense-of-ukraine/
National Institute for Strategic Studies. (2023, September 4). Directions for improving the efficiency of the ports of the Danube region. https://niss.gov.ua/news/komentari-ekspertiv/napryamy-pidvyshchennya-efektyvnosti-roboty-portiv-dunayskoho-rehionu [in Ukrainian].
Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. (2023, August 10). https://www.facebook.com/100064727737034/posts/pfbid02D9pg8jFFhQuMhPTfHCm7Ma114Pev5M5q2ye83KWgSnuo9SNMMeKJHNQwBCMqXn9Bl [in Ukrainian].
Organisation Maritime Intrnationale. (2023, juillet 19). Lettre circulaire (No. 4748). https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/fr/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/CL.4748fr.pdf [in French].
Pavlyshak, O. (2023, September 13). “Boiko’s Towers”. Returning. https://www.unian.ua/war/vishki-boyka-stalo-vidomo-pro-vzyattya-ukrajinoyu-pid-kontrol-samopidyomnih-burovih-ustanovok-12392442.html [in Ukrainian].
Pedrozo, R. (P.). (2023). Russia-Ukraine Conflict: The War at Sea. International Law Studies, 100(1), 1-61. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol100/iss1/1/
Petrushko, L. (2023a, September 4). A big recap of the “battle” for “grainways” from Forbes. Who made money, who lost money and how to export under Russian missiles. Forbes. https://forbes.ua/war-in-ukraine/shlyakh-zerna-yak-vidbuvavsya-morskiy-ta-richkoviy-eksport-agroproduktsii-18-misyatsiv-povnomasshtabnoi-viyni-velika-rekonstruktsiya-forbes-bitvi-za-zernovi-shlyakhi-04092023-15742 [in Ukrainian].
Petrushko, L. (2023b, July 20). Burnt corridor. Russia stopped the “grain agreement” and began shelling the ports operating within its borders. How will it affect the agricultural sector? Forbes. https://forbes.ua/money/rosiya-znishchue-porti-ukraini-20072023-14931 [in Ukrainian].
Ports of Ukraine. (2023a, October 27). More than 50 vessels have already passed through the temporary corridor to the ports of Great Odesa. https://ports.ua/timchasovim-koridorom-do-portiv-velikoї-odesi-projshli-uzhe-ponad-50-suden/?fbclid=IwAR0BFtnURHR96aCi4_dPyCZZT1eWuv2Ze7aMruWzPmXRiPK5F0uaDFK74uw [in Ukrainian].
Ports of Ukraine. (2023b, September 8). Ukraine is waiting for Turkey’s response to the proposal to restore the operation of the grain corridor without Russia. https://ports.ua/ukraїna-chekaє-vidpovid-turechchini-na-propozicziyu-vidnovlennya-roboti-zernovogo-koridoru-bez-rosiї/ [in Ukrainian].
Quinn, A., & Choursina, K. (2023, October 18). Ukraine’s Risky Bet Pays off with Ships Streaming to Ports. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-18/ukraine-s-risky-bet-pays-off-with-ships-streaming-to-its-ports?srnd=premium-europe
Quinn, A., & Krasnolutska, D. (2023, October 2). Ukraine Defies Russia by Trying to Revive Black Sea Trade. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-02/ukraine-black-sea-trade-defies-russia-s-threats
Reuters. (2023, September 7). Russian attacks on Ukraine’s Danube ports to slow down grain exports, Romanian president says. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-attacks-ukraines-danube-ports-slow-down-grain-exports-romanian-president-2023-09-07/
Rubryka. (2023, August 15). Russia launches attack on Palau-flagged cargo ship heading to Ukrainian port of Izmail. https://rubryka.com/en/2023/08/13/okupanty-postrilamy-prymusyly-zupynytysya-tsyvilnyj-korabel-yakyj-jshov-u-port-izmayilu/
Tarasovskyi, Yu. (2023, August 16). Temporary corridor. For the first time after the withdrawal of the Russian Federation from the “grain agreement”, a ship left Odesa. Forbes. https://forbes.ua/news/pershe-sudno-vikhodit-timchasovim-koridorom-z-portu-odesa-kubrakov-16082023-15444 [in Ukrainian].
UaProm. (2023, October 16). The temporary sea corridor has become not only grain – expert. https://uaprom.info/news/190419-timchasovij-morskij-koridor-stav-tilki-zernovim-ekspert.html
Ukrainian Grain Association. (2023, October 28). It’s planned to change the rules for the export of agricultural products in Ukraine. https://uga.ua/news/v-ukrayini-planuyut-zminiti-pravila-eksportu-agrarnoyi-produktsiyi/.
Ukrinform. (2023, July 22). Ukraine will provide food to other countries despite Russia’s exit from the “grain agreement” – Stratcom. https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-economy/3739033-ukraina-zabezpecit-prodovolstvom-insi-kraini-popri-vihid-rosii-iz-zernovoi-ugodi-stratkom.html
United Nations. (2022, July 22). Black Sea Grain Initiative ‘a Beacon of Hope, Relief’ for World, Says Secretary General, as War Coninues in Ukraine. https://press.un.org/en/2022/sgsm21381.doc.htm
United Nations. (2023, July 26). Attacks on Odesa Port, Grain-Storage Facilities Latest Victims in Moscow’s ‘Senseless’ War against Ukraine, Senior Official Tells Security Council. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15367.doc.htm
Vessel Movements. (n.d.). Black Sea Grain Initiative. Joint Coordination Centre. https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/vessel-movements
VoA. (2023, October 26). Ukraine suspended the operation of the Black Sea Corridor due to threats from mines and aircraft – Reuters. https://www.holosameryky.com/a/7328107.html
Zharykova, A. (2023, September 19). Export through the temporary corridor: the first ship with grain left the port of Chornomorsk. https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2023/09/19/704483/
